Insulin is a hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating blood sugar levels in the body. It is produced by the beta cells of the pancreas and helps to lower blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells for energy production. Insulin is composed of two polypeptide chains, the A chain and the B chain, connected by disulfide bonds. The A chain consists of 21 amino acids, while the B chain consists of 30 amino acids. This brings the total number of amino acids in insulin to 51. The structure of insulin is highly conserved across species, indicating its importance in biological function. Insulin functions by binding to insulin receptors on cell membranes, triggering a cascade of signaling pathways that regulate glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and protein synthesis. Dysregulation of insulin production or signaling can lead to conditions like diabetes, where blood sugar levels are not properly controlled. The discovery of insulin in the early 1920s revolution